By that time Maurice had conquered the important fortifications of Bergen op Zoom (1588), Breda (1590), Zutphen, Deventer, Delfzijl and Nijmegen (1591), Steenwijk, Coevorden (1592) Geertruidenberg (1593) Grol, Enschede, Ootmarsum and Oldenzaal (1597). With the war going against them, the United Provinces sought help from France and England. This time, their ships made it to the Channel before being hit by a storm. Symbolic stories from the New Testament, featuring fishermen, shipbuilders and simple occupations resonated among the Dutch. The Southern Netherlands, situated in modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg and Northern France, remained under Spanish rule. He refused to swear by the Duke's oath of allegiance -- a common imposition among many nobles back then.

Prince Maurice accused Van Oldenbarnevelt of treason, had him arrested and executed in 1619.

[33] The nation-breaking financial burden of the undertaking and the loss finally drove Spain into bankruptcy. The area was heavily urbanized, and its economy was based on trade.

Spain had regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. We will never allow ads because we must remain independent. Although Brussels had become a de facto capital of the Netherlands in the fifteenth century, the nobility of the Netherlands and the wealthy merchant cities still had a large measure of autonomy. He lost Philip II's favor as was recalled to Spain in 1573 where he was placed under house arrest. Frederick Henry conquered 's-Hertogenbosch (the Duke's Forrest) in 1629. We cannot rely on big donors with corresponding big agendas. When the 17th century came about, Spain had a glorious century behind and a lot of enemies ahead. [18] In command of these forces was Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the third Duke of Alba. By now the separation of the Netherlands had become almost inevitable.

The continuous repression by the Spanish in the south caused many of its financial, intellectual and cultural elite to flee north, contributing in no small measure to the success of the Dutch Republic. Spain's history in this era also offers another nugget of wisdom: "forever wars" can humble even the most dominant of world powers. The acceptance of this by Europe's monarchies in 1648, combined with the Peace of Westphalia's implications for religious liberty, created a powerful example and could have likely helped lead to the Enlightenment. Things were also getting still worse for Spain.

He did not see this as an act of treason against the king. In 1567 Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, marched into Brussels at the head of ten thousand troops. No fewer than 18,000 people were executed in the following six years of his governorship, according to some reports. The Spanish commander Ambrosio Spinola (1569-1630) succeeded in conquering the city of Breda (an episode immortalized by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez (1599-1660) in his famous painting Las Lanzas). Dutch colonialism began at this point, as the Netherlands was able to snipe a number of Portuguese and Spanish colonies, particularly in the the Asia-Pacific region. Calvinism (a Dutch iteration of protestantism) became the preferred belief of those territories, and they soon got restless at the lack of political and religious reforms that would make their leaders reflect their faith. Under the reign of Charles V, the latter became a worldwide empire which was almost continuously at war: against France in the Italian Wars, against the Turks in the Mediterranean Sea, and against Protestantism in Germany. In 1568 William returned to try and drive the highly unpopular Duke of Alba from Brussels. The most notable event of this period was the Battle of Oosterweel, in which Spanish forces destroyed an army of Dutch Calvinists and executed the roughly 700-800 survivors.

The Dutch even offered them the monarchy of the Netherlands, which both declined. She rejected the French prince due to the fact that he was 13 years younger than her and instead chose to marry into the Austrian House of Hapsburg.

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