[15], Modern mainland Japanese dialects, spoken on Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, and Hokkaido, are generally grouped as follows:[16], The early capitals of Nara and Kyoto lay within the western area, and their Kansai dialect retained its prestige and influence long after the capital was moved to Edo (modern Tokyo) in 1603. I do agree with him about Japonic and Korean though. [48], The Japanese linguist Kanehira Joji believes that the Japanese language is related to the Uralic languages. [1] The reconstruction implies a split between all dialects of Japanese and all Ryukyuan varieties, probably before the 7th century. They are cited as the two most elaborate honorific systems, perhaps unrivaled by any other languages. He further says that this evidence refutes any genetic relations between Japanese and Altaic. All of this connects with the genetic evidence quite well: Japanese and Korean men both show high amounts of M122 (associated with Sino-Tibetan speakers) and M176 (associated with Austroasiatic speakers through its "brother" subgroup, K18). The possible lexical relationship between Korean and Japanese can be briefly exemplified by such basic vocabulary items as are found in the tables below.

[83], The following personal pronouns can be reconstructed for Proto-Japonic, based on Old Japanese and Ryukyuan data. [43] Note however that ASJP is not widely accepted among historical linguists as an adequate method to establish or evaluate relationships between language families. He notes that Benedict's idea of a relation between Japanese and Kra-Dai should not be rejected out of hand, but he considers the relationship between them not to be genetic, but rather a contact one.

[4][5] Somewhat later, Japonic languages also spread southward to the Ryukyu Islands.

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Lewin (1976), Matsumoto (1975), Miller (1967), Murayama (1976). Good read. Romance and Slavic seem way more complex IMO, or at least equal. In 日本語系統論の現在 'Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese Language', edited by Alexander Vovin and Toshiki Osada. Some authors propose a high central vowel *ɨ to account for these alternations, but there is no evidence for it in Ryukyuan or Eastern Old Japanese. "...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent....we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent," Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge). **lin⋅guis⋅tics**: the scientific study of human *language* A five-vowel system like Standard Japanese /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/ is common, but some Ryukyuan languages also have central vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/, and Yonaguni has only /a/, /i/, and /u/.

A few words display no evidence for a former vowel, and scholars reconstruct a syllable-final nasal of indeterminate place preceding the voiceless obstruent, as in *tunpu > tubu 'grain', *pinsa > piza 'knee'. "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Both languages also have similar elaborate, multilevel systems of honorifics. [55], The proto-language of the family has been reconstructed by using a combination of internal reconstruction from Old Japanese and by applying the comparative method to Old Japanese (including eastern dialects) and Ryukyuan. [64] The case for lenition of *d- > j- is substantially weaker, with the fortition hypothesis supported by Sino-Japonic words with Middle Chinese initials in *j also having reflexes of initial /d/ in Yonaguni, such as dasai from Middle Chinese 野菜 *jia-tsʰʌi.

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