The men were in a military vehicle that hit a land mine the authorities said had been laid by PKK fighters. [194], The report, published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), stated that the instability in Iraq has helped the PKK to develop and use Iraq as a transhipment point for Afghan heroin. Case T-229/02: Osman Öcalan acting on behalf of Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) v Council of the European Union", "EU was wrong to include PKK on terror list", "Council Decision 2011/70/CFSP of 31 January 2011 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism – Official Journal L 028, 02/02/2011 P. 0057 – 0059", "European Court: decisions placing the PKK on the list of terrorist organizations annulled", "State Department Maintains Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) Designation of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)", "Turkey hails US stance on PKK leaders, seeks same in Syria", UK's May uses phrase 'Kurdish terrorism' during Erdogan visit as Kurds protest in London, "Les Kurdes de France victimes d'un "amalgame ethnique" avec le PKK ?
It was dissolved in 1999, after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan. [114][115], The PKK has faced condemnation by some countries for executing civilians, using suicide bombers,[116][117] Child Soldiers[118] and involvement in drug trafficking.[119]. [149], On 29 July 2013, the PKK issued an ultimatum in saying that the peace deal would fail if reforms were not begun to be implemented within a month. After the threats, the PKK has launched various attacks on both police and the Turkish Armed Forces. [101], In 1983, the Association of Artists (Hunerkom) was established in Germany under the lead of the Music group Koma Berxwedan [ku]. [29][40][41][42] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life. [72]:127[72]:129 The organization initially presented itself as part of the worldwide communist revolution.
According to Turkey, countries the PKK has previously/currently received support from include: Greece,[200][201] Iran,[202] Iraq,[203] Russia[204] and Syria.

[99] At the time, Northern Iraq was experiencing a vacuum of control after the Gulf War-related Operation Provide Comfort. The following other countries and organizations have listed or otherwise labelled the PKK in an official capacity as a terrorist organization: Australia,[237][238] Austria,[239] Azerbaijan,[240] Canada,[241] Czech Republic,[242] Germany,[243] Iran,[244] Japan,[245] Kazakhstan,[246] Kyrgyzstan,[247] New Zealand,[248] Spain,[249] and Syria. The existing Open Comments threads will continue to exist for those who do not subscribe to Independent Premium. The first training camps were established in 1982 in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and also in Beqaa Valley with the support of the Syrian government.

The conflict has left tens of thousands dead. The organization had also reportedly committed 25 massacres, killing more than 300 people. And the Chaldean Catholic church has appointed Bishop Felix Dawood Al Shabi to lead Zakho, a diocese just established in June.

Youkhana pointed to a mixed picture of developments. A meeting on 25 November 1978, in a tea house near Diyarbakır, is considered the foundation of the PKK. The attackers also followed up the car bomb attack with rocket fire and long range gunfire, reports said. Iran-back Shiite militias have taken over control of the once-Christian Ninevah Plain town of Bartella. “The shelling has damaged properties, houses and set fields ablaze, while the Christians have escaped their homes once again,” he said, adding the numbers involved were unclear. [94], The Free Women's Units of Star (Kurdish: Yekîneyên Jinên Azad ên Star‎,[95] YJA-STAR) was established in 2004 as the women's armed wing of the PKK, emphasizing the issue of women's liberation. “I wanted to rebuild myself and support my family, but I did not have enough money to do that. “At the end of the day, we have to share together. It also has a presence in Iraqi government-controlled areas such as Makhmour south of Erbil and the Yazidi city of Sinjar near the Syrian border. [180], On 22 December 2016, a report published by Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated that the HPG, the armed wing of the PKK, and the YBS, a Yazidi militia affiliated with the PKK, had actively recruited child soldiers since the 2015. [159], A number of Turkish Kurds rallied in large-scale street protests, demanding that the government in Ankara take more forceful action to combat IS and to enable Kurdish militants already engaged against IS to more freely move and resupply. ", "Who are Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels? PKK spokesman Ahmet Deniz sought to ease concerns stating the plan would boost democracy. At least 541 individuals lost their lives as a result of the clashes including 316 militants and 282 soldiers. Official Turkish sources also report cooperation between the PKK and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA). The PKK encouraged by the rising power of the Syrian Kurds increased its attacks in the same year. Was approving air strikes against the PKK a US error? [228] In 2018 Prakken d'Oliveira Human Rights Lawyers reported that the PKK won another case against its listing as a terror organization by the EU, but the EU kept the PKK on the list as the ruling only concerned the years from 2014 until 2017.

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