[12] In Poland as well the earliest village dances were in circles or lines accompanied by the singing or clapping of the participants. A long chain was formed, with the leader singing the verses and setting the time while the other dancers joined in the chorus.

[32], Khigga is the one of main styles of Assyrian folk dance in which multiple dancers hold each other's hands and form a line or a circle. [22][23], The Kalamatianos is a popular Greek folkdance throughout Greece and Cyprus, and is often performed at many social gatherings worldwide.

Lynn Frances and Richard Bryant-Jefferies, This page was last edited on 16 September 2020, at 10:31. The steps of the Kalamatianós are the same as those of the Syrtos, but the latter is slower and more stately, its beat being a steady 44. [33], Kochari is an Armenian[34][35][36] and Azerbaijani folk dance, danced today by Armenians, Assyrians,[37] Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Pontic Greeks[38] and Turks. Much debate goes on within the sacred circle dance network about what is meant by 'sacred' in the dance. Pontic Greeks dance hand-to-shoulder and travel to the right. [3], Medieval tombstones called "Stećci" (singular "Stecak") in Bosnia and Hercegovina, dating from the end of the 12th century to the 16th century, bear inscriptions and figures which look like dancers in a chain.

In Bulgaria, it is not necessary to be in a circle; a curving line of people is also acceptable. [15], There are accounts of two western European travelers to Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Circle dancing is probably the oldest known dance formation and was part of community life from when people first started to dance. The dance was originally from the Empordà region, but started gaining popularity throughout Catalonia during the 20th century.

In 1577, Salomon Schweigger describes the events at a Greek wedding:[16], then they joined arms one upon the other, made a circle, went round the circle, with their feet stepping hard and stamping; one sang first, with the others all following after. Khigga is the first beat that is played in welcoming the bride and groom to the reception hall. [13], In the 14th century, Giovanni Boccaccio describes men and women circle dancing to their own singing or accompanied by musicians.

There are two main types, the original Sardana curta (short Sardana) style and the more modern Sardana llarga (long Sardana).

It is a type of dance where anyone can join in without the need Music folklore is preserved in tradition and it depicts the folk art of previous epochs. Men and women are portrayed dancing together holding hands at shoulder level but occasionally the groups consist of only one sex. Moreover, the term khigga is used to denote all the Assyrian circle dances. Despite its immense reputation in the Middle East and southeast Europe, circle dancing also has a historical prominence in Brittany, Catalonia and Ireland to the west of Europe, and also in South America (Peruvian), Tibet, and with Native Americans (see ghost dance). The leader can also be a solo performer, improvising showy twisting skillful moves as the rest of the line does the basic step. More modern forms of Kochari have added a "tremolo step," which involves shaking the whole body. Unlike line dancing, circle dancers are in physical contact with each other; the connection is made by hand-to-hand, finger-to-finger or hands-on-shoulders. [42], Style of dance done in a circle with rhythm instruments and singing, "We ended with a circle dance." A small centrepiece of flowers or other objects is often placed at the centre of the circle to help focus the dancers and maintain the circular shape. The dancers hold each other's hands and the circle spins, usually counterclockwise, as each participant follows a sequence of three steps forward and one step back. The arm movements consist first of two circular motions going up and back followed by one in the opposite direction. [6] A chronicle from 1344 urges the people of the city of Zadar to sing and dance circle dances for a festival. The Hora is popular during wedding celebrations and festivals, and is an essential part of the social entertainment in rural areas. [16], Another traveler, the German pharmacist Reinhold Lubenau, was in Constantinople in November 1588 and reports on a Greek wedding in these terms:[17], a company of Greeks, often of ten or more persons, stepped forth to the open place, took each other by the hand, made a round circle, and now stepped backward, now forward, sometimes went around, singing in Greek the while, sometimes stamped strongly on the ground with their feet. It consists of a lawweeh (لويح) at the head of a group of men holding hands and formed in a semicircle. [10][11] Circle dances were also found in Czech Republic, dating to the 15th century. In Azerbaijan, the dance consists of slow and rapid parts, and is of three variants.

There are many versions of Tamzara, with slightly different music and steps, coming from the various regions and old villages in Anatolia. [24], Sardana is a type of circle dance typical of Catalonia. The dancers hold hands throughout the dance: arms down during the curts and raised to shoulder height during the llargs.

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