How much cloud resource a typical analytical project will consume, and what degree of parallelism that you specify to execute the task impact costs. And while technology is making many aspects of research more efficient, it may also create new tasks and responsibilities that are burdensome for researchers and that they may find difficult or impossible to fulfill. They also have important implications for the ability of researchers, research institutions, journals, and sponsors to foster integrity and prevent research misconduct and detrimental research practices. Since MAG launched in late 2015, more than 170 research projects and systems have been able to use this rich knowledge base to try out new ideas and release new products. Integration of knowledge from multiple disciplines can occur within the mind of a single person or through the collaborative efforts of a large team.

Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Collaboration among researchers from different countries and cultures may expose differences in training, expectations, and values that affect behavior. With these additional lookups and computation, the task still can be finished in 11 minutes and 14 seconds with a charge of U.S. $1.34: Interestingly, this charge is not that different had we just computed the h-index for everyone in MAG.

According to one analysis of trends in interdisciplinary research in six research fields, the growth of interdisciplinarity has been modest—about 5 percent—even as the number of authors per article has grown by 75 percent (Porter and Rafols, 2009). Researchers now frequently rely on computer software and hardware for many of the processes and analyses they undertake. First, let’s consider a very rudimentary “Hello World” type of task that analyzes the growth in scholarly communication activities for the years that MAG has data for. It provided a valuable service in describing and analyzing a very complicated set of issues, and has served as a crucial basis for thinking about research integrity for more than two decades. Researchers in a variety of fields are faced with more complicated choices with ethical dimensions. In an analysis of approximately 20 million research articles published since 1955 and 2 million patents registered since 1975, the number of authors on scientific papers grew from an average of 1.9 in 1955 to 3.5 in 2000 (Wuchty et al., 2007). Over the past few decades, the link between scientific knowledge and issues in the broader society has become ever more apparent. If you have first run the CreateFunction.usql script that comes with your MAG distribution on each snapshot, you can easily specify the stream by using the single statement: with @uriPrefix being “wasb://” + @dataVersion + “@” + @blobAccount + “/”, where @dataVersion is the name of the MAG snapshot you’d like to use (for example, the November 29, 2018 snapshot of MAG, also used in the Open Academic Graph, is “mag-2018-11-29”), and @blobAccount is the Azure Blob Storage account to which you have asked us to send the MAG data. Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name. Another measure of the increasing internationalization of research is the number of foreign-born researchers studying and working in the United States. Decisions about the authorship of research publications are an important aspect of the responsible conduct of research. Responsible Science described the growth of collaborative research after World War II, which has continued since the early 1990s. Increasingly, the scientific enterprise has been recognized not only as a place to expand knowledge but also as an engine for the creation of new products, novel therapies for disease, improved technologies, and new industries and jobs. To quote President Obama (2009b), “scientific innovation offers us a chance to achieve prosperity.” The economic potential of science, however, also offers unique challenges to the responsible conduct of research, which were described in Responsible Science.

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