[176][177] Pronominal direct objects are either suffixed to the verb or alternatively expressed on the object-marking pronoun את‎. [85] However, the only orthographic system used to mark vowels is the Tiberian vocalization.

[114][nb 21][nb 22]. [29] Morphological Canaanite features in Hebrew include the masculine plural marker -ם, first person singular pronoun אנכי‎, interrogative pronoun מי‎, definite article ה- (appearing in the first millennium BCE), and third person plural feminine verbal marker ת-‎.[29].
); this pretonic gemination is also found in some forms with other vowels like אַסִּיר‎⁓אָסִיר‎ /ɔˈsir/⁓/asˈsir/ ('prisoner').

(The strong feminine endings in Classical Arabic are -ātu nominative, -āti objective, marked with a singular-style -n nunation in the indefinite state only. [29] Moabite might be considered a Hebrew dialect, though it possessed distinctive Aramaic features. /rɒb/ רב‎ ('great') vs. /rɒːb/ רחב‎ ('wide'). */libː-u/ > /lab/ ('heart'). [29][32] Hebrew is classed with Phoenician in the Canaanite subgroup, which also includes Ammonite, Edomite, and Moabite. [57], Allophonic spirantization of /b ɡ d k p t/ to [v ɣ ð x f θ] (known as begadkefat spirantization) developed sometime during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew under the influence of Aramaic. [39] Qumran Hebrew may be considered an intermediate stage between Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew, though Qumran Hebrew shows its own idiosyncratic dialectal features.[46]. מתנה‎ ('gift'). [11] One Jewish revolt against the Romans led to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, and the second Bar Kokhba revolt in 132–135 led to a large departure of the Jewish population of Judea.

[153] The Amarna letters show that this was probably still present in Hebrew c. 1350 BCE. The phonology as reconstructed for Biblical Hebrew is as follows: Consonants lost and gained during the lifetime of Biblical Hebrew are color-coded respectively. The oldest form of Biblical Hebrew, Archaic Hebrew, is found in poetic sections of the Bible and inscriptions dating to around 1000 BCE, the early Monarchic Period. The endings were evidently felt as an inherent part of the ending and, as a result, are still used. [162] However adjectives, pronouns, and verbs do not have dual forms, and most nominal dual forms can function as plurals (שש כנפַים‎ 'six wings' from Isaiah 6:2). [74][75] ⟨י‎⟩ is generally used for both long [iː] and [eː] (אבילים‎, מית‎), and final [iː] is often written as יא-‎ in analogy to words like היא‎, הביא‎, e.g. [116][122] In Tiberian Hebrew pretonic /*u/ is most commonly preserved by geminating the following consonant, e.g. תֹורָה /toːraː/ "law" becomes תֹורַת /toːrat/ "law of", and תֹורָתְךָ /toːraːtəxaː/ "your law", etc.
[29][nb 5][51] The word play in Amos 8:1–2 כְּלוּב קַ֫יִץ... בָּא הַקֵּץ may reflect this: given that Amos was addressing the population of the Northern Kingdom, the vocalization *קֵיץ would be more forceful. ), Feminine nouns at this point ended in a suffix /-at-/ or /-t-/ and took normal case endings. [172][nb 40] The meaning of the prefixing and suffixing conjugations are also affected by the conjugation ו‎, and their meaning with respect to tense and aspect is a matter of debate. [23][79][nb 11][nb 12] In addition, the Samaritan reading tradition is independent of these systems, and was occasionally notated with a separate vocalization system. See, harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFDolgoposky1999 (, According to the generally accepted view, it is unlikely begadkefat spirantization occurred before the merger of, In this respect the Palestinian tradition corresponds to the modern. In the Babylonian and Palestinian systems only the most important vowels were written. [151], The most common nominal prefix used is /m/, used for substantives of location (מושב‎ 'assembly'), instruments (מפתח‎ 'key'), and abstractions (משפט‎ 'judgement').

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