The on-going hostility between the Habsburg and Valois families was made worse by Charles’ control of so many territories that threatened to surround France, and by the personal rivalry between the two monarchs. The wedding celebrations took place a year later, in Naples, where Margaret had been brought up since the betrothal. There were other influential families in Europe that could have requested Margaret’s hand in marriage, and Clement would not have been satisfied until Alessandro and Margaret were finally wed. The French, Spanish and Imperial armies, together with the feared Swiss and German mercenary troops, were much larger than anything previously seen. They would aim to maximise their power at the expense of other local rulers, ever mindful of the need not to offend the monarch who held sway at the time, but ready to change allegiance if they judged circumstances to be right. With Leo’s help, Charles enjoyed a great victory over Francis, and Milan fell to Spanish troops. He died in 1534, leaving the position of head of the family to Alessandro (who had been duke of Florence since 1532), and an empty pontifical seat which would not be filled by the Medici in Alessandro’s lifetime. He also wished to gain Francis’ agreement to fight not just the Ottomans but also the German Protestants if they could not be restored to the church by other means.

It was seriously divided. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account.

Charles' forces re-captured both Milan and Franche-Comté from France after the decisive Habsburg victory at the Battle of Pavia in 1525, which pushed Francis to form the Franco-Ottoman alliance. Such a marriage alliance could help to bring this about. The Dauphin, Henry, Francis’ heir, married eleven years earlier to Catherine de’ Medici, had never been close to his father since his years in Spain as a hostage.

Far from subduing the Pope, this devastating battle made Clement even more reluctant to bow to Charles’ superior strength. The lack of this support could be a problem as Henry VIII was to learn to his cost in the late 1520s. They frequently gave no quarter, either in battle or when looting a captured town, unlike some of the earlier choreographed campaigns which had much less material or personal cost. He escaped from the castle dressed as a servant, and fled to Orvieto. Both had laid claim to lands in Italy; Charles wished to regain Burgundy, lost to the French in 1477; rights in Flanders and Artois were disputed; and in the Pyrenees the kingdom of Navarre was a bone of contention. Having purchased the Dauphiné (on France’s southeastern frontier) in 1349, C Why did he feel the need to hand over significant lands to the French royal family as part of a marriage contract? By this point, the emperor’s troops were underpaid and decided to mutiny and march on Rome. Also of significance were Savoy, Genoa, Ferrara and additional smaller city states. In Florence, the republican faction took advantage of the Pope’s plight to banish Alessandro de’ Medici and his cousin Ippolito, who had been residing in the Medici palace, and declare a new republic. Only occasionally were they at peace, such as when Charles travelled from Spain, through France to the Low Countries in the autumn of 1539 and early 1540. But Clement never saw his nephew’s marriage. Charles’ belief in the importance of dynasty is shown in the various plans that he put forward for marriages between the royal families that he hoped would lead to a more lasting peace. He had been the subject of many marriage plans – into the English royal family, with the Farnese in Italy, with Jeanne d’Albret of Navarre - but was very keen for an independent principality that the treaty provided. Until 1519, Pope Leo X, the first Medici pope, had sided with the French and had tried to prevent Charles’ ascension to the position of Holy Roman Emperor, a post which candidates were considered for and then chosen by a group of seven electors (the king of Bohemia, the archbishops of Cologne, Mainz and Trier, and the princes of Brandenburg, Saxony, and the Palatinate). The continuation of these dynastic wars was to have far-reaching implications for the Italian peninsula, and especially for the Medici.

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