Kanji used in the N5 test are used in more difficult levels, too.

For example, 目 is an eye, while 木 is a tree.

In Japan the kokuji category is strictly defined as characters whose earliest appearance is in Japan.

This mark also appears in personal and place names, as in the surname Sasaki (佐々木). Differences of opinion among reference works is not uncommon; one dictionary may say the kanji are equivalent, while another dictionary may draw distinctions of use.

Many people say that one of the most difficult aspects of learning Japanese is dealing with kanji, the written characters originally imported from China.

Taipei is generally pronounced たいほく in Japanese. Chinese characters also came to be used to write Japanese words, resulting in the modern kana syllabaries.

These are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used; these are known as hyōgaiji (表外字).

Examples include 手紙 tegami "letter", 日傘 higasa "parasol", and the famous 神風 kamikaze "divine wind". A useful tool in expanding your vocabulary and kanji beyond the 1,006 learned in elementary school is to learn to to recognize the radicals that make up individual characters, and the characters that make up compound words.

Because of the ambiguities involved, kanji sometimes have their pronunciation for the given context spelled out in ruby characters known as furigana, (small kana written above or to the right of the character) or kumimoji (small kana written in-line after the character). Thus the two other writing systems, hiragana and katakana, referred to collectively as kana, are descended from kanji. There are fourteen different radical positions, seven basic types and seven variant.

These unusually long readings are due to a single character representing a compound word: Ateji (当て字, 宛字 or あてじ) are characters used only for their sounds. They are usually simple graphically and represent an abstract concept such as 上 "up" or "above" and 下 "down" or "below".

However, some characters have only a single reading, such as kiku (菊, "chrysanthemum", an on-reading) or iwashi (鰯, "sardine", a kun-reading); kun-only are common for Japanese-coined kanji (kokuji).

Note that there are also compound verbs and, less commonly, compound adjectives, and while these may have multiple kanji without intervening characters, they are read using usual kun'yomi; examples include omo-shiro-i (面白い, interesting) face-whitening and zuru-gashiko-i (狡賢い, sly).

And that's just scratching the surface!

Occasionally a single word will have many such kanji spellings; an extreme example is hototogisu (lesser cuckoo), which may be spelt in a great many ways, including 杜鵑, 時鳥, 子規, 不如帰, 霍公鳥, 蜀魂, 沓手鳥, 杜宇,田鵑, 沓直鳥, and 郭公—many of these variant spellings are particular to haiku poems. Longer readings exist for non-Jōyō characters and non-kanji symbols, where a long gairaigo word may be the reading (this is classed as kun'yomi—see single character gairaigo, below)—the character 糎 has the seven kana reading センチメートル senchimētoru "centimeter", though it is generally written as "cm" (with two half-width characters, so occupying one space); another common example is '%' (the percent sign), which has the five kana reading パーセント pāsento. to specific places, or names of insects or plants. Parents can be quite creative, and rumours abound of children called 地球 Āsu ("Earth") and 天使 Enjeru ("Angel"); neither are common names, and have normal readings chikyū and tenshi respectively. This latter strategy is frequently employed with more complex cases such as もと moto, which has at least five different kanji: 元, 基, 本, 下, and 素, the first three of which have only very subtle differences.

Though again, exceptions abound, for example, 情報 jōhō "information", 学校 gakkō "school", and 新幹線 shinkansen "bullet train" all follow this pattern. It may refer to kanji where the meaning or application has become extended. www.kanjidatabase.com: a new interactive online database for psychological and linguistic research on Japanese kanji and their compound words. Level two contains about three thousand more Native words and Sino-Japanese vocabulary are glossed in hiragana (for both kun and on readings), while borrowings (gairaigo)—including modern borrowings from Chinese—are glossed in katakana; this is the standard writing convention also used in furigana.

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