Phonemes are the most basic sound units - i.e.

For digraphs and other rules about spelling and the corresponding pronunciations, see Polish orthography.

This occurs in loanwords, and in free variation with the typical consonantal pronunciation (e.g. Also, some dialects preserve nonstandard developments of historical long vowels (see previous section); for example, a may be pronounced with [ɔ] in words in which it was historically long. /ɛ ɨ ɔ ɛ̃ ɔ̃/ are also less commonly transcribed /e ɪ o ẽ õ/ respectively, such as by the PWN-Oxford Polish-English Dictionary.[9]. volume_up.

The consonants n, m, ń, r, j, l, ł do not represent obstruents and so do not affect the voicing of other consonants; they are also usually not subject to devoicing except when surrounded by unvoiced consonants.

The letters q (named: ku), v (named: fau), and x (named: iks) do not belong to the Polish alphabet, but are used in some foreign words and commercial names. [28] On the other hand, some Poles view the lateral variant with nostalgia, associating it with the elegant culture of interwar Poland.[29]. (for Polska Kasa Opieki).

consonants. Similarly palatalized s, z, n became the sounds ś, ź, ń. Vowel nasality in Polish is partially preserved from Proto-Slavic, having been lost in most other modern Slavic languages.

For the restrictions on combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants in clusters, see § Voicing and devoicing below.
Fonemy są najmniejszymi jednostkami języka, których zadaniem jest różnicowanie elementów znaczeniowych.

This leads to neutralization of voiced/voiceless pairs in those positions (or equivalently, restrictions on the distribution of voiced and voiceless consonants). and some names, as Xymena, Xawery, surnames as Xiężopolski, Axentowicz, Axer and names of some companies in Poland with -ex suffix.

For example, raj ('paradise') [rai̯], dał ('gave') [dau̯], autor ('author') [ˈau̯tɔr]. The phonological system of the Polish language is similar in many ways to those of other Slavic languages, although there are some characteristic features found in only a few other languages of the family, such as contrasting retroflex and palatal fricatives and affricates, and nasal vowels. The spoken Polish names of the letters are given in the table under Letters above.
It also cannot precede i or y. Digraphs are not given any special treatment in alphabetical ordering. dwie samogłoski sąsiadujące ze sobą, ale należące do oddzielnych sylab.

(For other restrictions on consonants appearing before i or y, see § Distribution above.).

Elsewhere, however, /i/ is usually restricted to word-initial position and positions after palatal consonants and the palatalized velars, while /ɨ/ cannot appear in those positions (see § Hard and soft consonants below).

/x/ has the strongest friction before consonants [x̝], weaker friction before vowels and weakest friction intervocalically, where it may be realized as glottal [h] (this variant "may appear to be voiced").[21].

That may lead to a rare phenomenon of minimal pairs differing only in stress placement: muzyka /ˈmuzɨka/ 'music' vs. muzyka /muˈzɨka/ - genitive singular of muzyk 'musician'. rahʹ, meaning “the Masters of Tradition”) established a system of, tysiąclecia naszej ery masoreci (po hebrajsku: baʽalé hammasoráh, czyli „panowie tradycji”) opracowali system znaków, This, however, requires an adjustment in the. The palatalized velars /kʲ/, /ɡʲ/ and /xʲ/ might also be regarded as soft on this basis. Each vowel represents one syllable although the letter i normally does not represent a vowel when it precedes another vowel (it represents /j/, palatalization of the preceding consonant, or both depending on analysis; see Polish orthography and the above). Nasal vowels do not feature uniform nasality over their duration. Unlike their equivalents in Russian, these consonants cannot retain their softness in the syllable coda (when not followed by a vowel). /r/ has been traditionally classified as a trill, with a tap [ɾ] supposedly only occurring as an allophone or in fast speech.

There are several systems for encoding the Polish alphabet for computers. There are 32 letters in the Polish alphabet: 9 vowels and 23 consonants.. [32] The irregular stress patterns are explained by the fact that these endings are detachable clitics rather than true verbal inflections: for example, instead of kogo zobaczyliście?

Polish contrasts affricates and stop–fricative clusters[19] by the fricatives being longer in clusters than in affricates:[20].

'Soft' generally refers to the palatal nature of a consonant. “By 6 months of age,” says Science magazine, “babies learn to categorize, sounds, paying attention to distinctions that are meaningful, such as the difference between ‘ee’ and ‘ah,’ while ignoring meaningless variations.”, W czasopiśmie Science czytamy: „W szóstym miesiącu życia niemowlęta umieją już rozróżniać, , reagują bowiem na odmienne dźwięki istotne w ich.

X is also historical letter for native words prior to 19th century, e.g.

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