According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions. Johansson, Sheila Ryan.

The bubonic plague ceased to be a serious epidemic threat after the last major outbreak in southern France in the years 1720–1722.

They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Many other treatments were symptomatic. Omran, Abdel. This was true for Europe before about 1750 or 1800. This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence. They documented two of the earliest populations in Europe with acceptable data: England and Wales from 1861 and Italy from 1881. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996. [1] In 2010 the population was 711 million,[citation needed] defining Europe's boundaries as the continental divides of the Caucasus and Ural mountains and the Bosporous, and including the European parts of the countries of Russia and of Turkey. Italy experienced a similar improvement in data quality, with a decline in the share of "other and unknown" causes from 23 to 11 percent from 1881 to 1964.). These would include smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, cholera, malaria, typhoid fever, typhus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and such generic conditions as bronchitis, gastritis, and enteritis. In the past two hundred years, Europe has undergone the demographic transition from high levels of fertility and mortality to low, modern levels of birth and death rates.

Interestingly, a country's level of development was not decisive in predicting either the initial level or the timing of decline: England and Wales and Germany were quite economically advanced but did poorly.

It is projected to be about 30 percent in 2025. ^ a: Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. Historical Methods 27 (1994): 101–125. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively. Birthrates by the end of the twentieth century had declined to the point that many populations in Europe were not, in the long run (fifty to seventy years), reproducing themselves. Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn!

In contrast, other nations still had high levels, such as Germany (.760), Sweden (.700), and the Netherlands (.845). For example, in 1861 Italy had 5.7 percent of its population aged sixty and over.

New York, 1976. New York, 2000.

But it was only slowly accepted by what was a very conservative medical profession. changes of the Industrial Revolution, which t…, modern concepts of tuberculosis By 1980 this was down to between .7 and 2.7 percent, and it has continued to improve. In some cases women may have taken the lead, out of a concern for their own health and also because, since they were responsible for household budgets, they were particularly aware of children's costs. The Population History of England, 1541–1871: A Reconstruction. The effect is a significant rise in natural increase (the excess of births over deaths) and population growth. Rapid growth sometimes preceded industrial and urban development, as in Germany and the Netherlands. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, also have a significant presence in Europe. The new knowledge also caused personal health behaviors to change in effective ways. Along that boundary, socioeconomic conditions were similar, but fertility was demonstrably higher on the Flemish-speaking side. The centralization of governments in the 16th century also demanded clearly defined lines of authority and firm divisions of functions between national and regional capitals. Pages 31–181. Dublin, Louis, Alfred Lotka, and Mortimer Spiegelman. As more education brought higher returns, parents were led to invest in more quality per child and to reduce the numbers of children to make this possible. Encyclopedia.com. See alsoModernization (in this volume);Public Health (volume 3);Medical Practitioners and Medicine (volume 4);Standards of Living (volume 5); and other articles in this section. Major areas studied include broad population dynamics; fertility…, The term "demographic transition" denotes the effects on population of the social and economic The distribution of population across the continent was also shifting. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Systematic collection of cause of death data did not commence until the mid-nineteenth century, and then medical theories most often suggested causes based on symptoms rather than on underlying disease processes.

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