Hölderlin’s Hyperion, which first appeared in 1797, was curiously prophetic. The great majority (except in England) had apparently one edition only, although one or two especially influential works went to as many as four editions. Although the Turks had been disposed of, the regional and municipal institutions through which they had ruled the country still existed.

There are in Germany, as in most European states, many men with experience of fighting, who are inactive and unemployed but who long for activity and employment, and since they do not find this at home and are dissatisfied with their lot they are a nuisance or even a danger to their governments.

Many more also financed the revolution. Such sentiments were regarded as dangerously radical by the Austrian and Prussian Governments and all who took their lead from them. Some of the local Greek leaders who had enjoyed great authority under the Turks were content that the institutions should remain unchanged. The one balanced pamphleteer of the Greek Revolution, Sheridan, included in his list of causes of the relative indifference of the British towards the Greeks at this time ’the language of their partisans’. He immediately drew a long knife and cut off its head explaining, as the German officer tried to prevent him, that it was best to prevent Turks growing up. They preferred squatting on the floor to …

The cause of Greece touched a nerve in people who had previously regarded themselves as outside politics. Hypsilantes therefore decided to summon the Regiment and the numerous European volunteers who were congregating at Calamata and elsewhere. This was the kind of war they knew; this was what they had come for. While the Turks were distracted, the Regiment was to scale the walls with ladders and take the place by bayonet assault. The Greeks shared much of this scale of values. In fact, it was the solitary example where the ideas of the Europeanized Greeks prevailed over the ideas of the local Greeks. They often cling to methods that have been successful in the past which have been rendered obsolete by developing tactics and technology.

Many Greeks now had their first sight of Europeans in action. Before the Revolution he tried to present himself as a Robin Hood defending the poor against their oppressors, but, for the most part, he was a simple bandit chief. Dr. Lemprière, the author of a dictionary of classical antiquities, began to campaign in the autumn of 1821 for a subscription to be raised to help the Greeks. His first book of Songs of the Greeks sold a thousand copies in six weeks in the autumn of 1821 and three more books of new songs followed shortly afterwards before the censor intervened. Pistols of the Greek War of Independence. Causes of the Greek war of independence? At this point virtually all the Greeks ran back in accordance with their normal tactics and daybreak revealed the isolated Europeans with a large expanse of open ground between them and safety, all of which was in the clear field of fire of the guns and muskets of the Turks. Hypsilantes and the Regiment were forced to rely for their existence on the money which he had brought from Europe and this was rapidly running out.

Like wrecks of a dissolving dream. How can one respond effectively to a business enterprise? The Greeks of Cyprus underwent great risk … They could not shed their European habits so quickly. He suggested a plan to Hypsilantes for using the Regiment and the volunteers to do this, but Hypsilantes refused to contemplate it.[9]. They were even more amazed when the letter was produced and it became clear that the whole episode was the result of a misunderstanding. Many rich Turks and Jews were also known to live there. There were about forty men of various nationalities in the town waiting to join the ’Greek Army’. In August, when the Turks made a foray in force, they were fired upon with such effect by two fieldguns manned by the French officers that they were driven back in confusion to the safety of the castle. The newcomers were shocked to find some of their friends whom they had last seen in officers’ messes and ladies’ salons in Europe now settling down to live like bandits surrounded by concubines and slaves. Upwards of ten thousand Turks were put to death. Without assistance most of them cannot go as the writer knows from countless examples. He claimed that he had been Napoleon’s chief engineer and casually let it be known that he was a personal friend of Castlereagh and Metternich. An uneasy compromise was the result. The proceeds were divided amongst the various captains. German philhellenism, like philhellenism elsewhere, consisted of the two or three simple ideas common to all philhellenic movement plus national additions. At Marseilles, volunteers on their way to Greece with the connivance of the French authorities could see frigates being built in the shipyards for the Egyptians. The notion that the Turks were a colourful backward people gradually being engulfed by a technologically superior Western civilization had not yet become general. [14] In the beer houses of Germany, it was said,[15] men who were never known to have been interested in events outside their village, talked eagerly about the war.

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